Law  Lib 

V'OmpLaw 

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1910 


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UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


LAW  LIBRARY 


Wisconsin  Library  Commission 
LEGisi.ATiVE  Reference  DEPARTirfENT 
CoMi'AurnvF  Legislation  Bullettin 

No.   22 


CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS 


LAURA  SCOTT 


MADISON,  WISCONSIN 
October,  ioio 


CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS 


LAURA  SCOTT 


■Comparative  Legislation  Bulletin— No  22— October,  iqto 

Prepared  with  the  co-operation  of  the  Political  Science 

Department  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin 


Wisconsin'  Library  Commissiox 

Legislative  Reference  Dep't 

Madison,  Wis. 

1910 


r 


CONTENTS 


FAGS 

EEPERENCES 3 

HISTORY 7 

LAWS 8 

Foreign 8 

United  States 13 

Citations  to  Laws 13 

Boards  of  Accountancy 14 

Number  of  Members 14 

Length  of  Term 14 

Appointive  Power 14 

Salary  of  Members 15 

Qualification  of  Members 17 

Powers  of  the  Board 20 

Certified  Public  Accountants 21 

Qualifications 21 

Examinations 26 

Frequency 25 

Public  Notice 26 

Scope 27 

Waiver 29 

Certificates 35 

Issuance 35 

Duration 35 

Revocation 87 

Fees 40 

Penalties 41 

SALIENT  FEATURES 43 

Methodsof  Regulation 43 

Apprenticeship 43 

Examinations 43 

Educational  Qualifications 44 


S" 


REFERENCES 


-^ 


Brooks  Jr..  H.  W.  Province  of  the  public  accountant.  Moody. 
Sept.,  1908,  Vol.  6.  pp.  199-202. 

Cannon,  James  G.  The  banker  and  the  certified  public  ac- 
countant. Banking  Law  Journal,  Oct.,  1908,  Vol.  25,  pp. 
811-815. 

Chase,  William  Arthur.  Bankers  and  certified  public  ac- 
countants. Journal  of  Accountancy,  Aug.,  1908,  Vol.  6,  pp. 
242-247. 

.     The    profession    of    a   certified    public    accountant. 

Journal  of  Accountancy,  July,  190G,  Vol.  2,  pp.  194-200. 

Cleveland,  Frederick  A.  The  scope  of  the  profession  of  ac- 
countancy. Journal  of  Accountancy,  Nov.,  1905,  Vol.  1,  pp. 
40-56. 

•         .     What  may  accountancy  teach  economics.     Journal 

of  Accountancy,  Oct.,  1906,  vol.  2,  pp.  401-419. 

Dickinson,  Arthur  Lowbs.  The  relations  between  the  ac- 
countant and  the  banker.  Journal  of  Accountancy,  May, 
1909,  vol.  8,  p.  55. 

— — Duties  and  responsibilities  of  the  public  accountant 

with  regard  to  new  issues  of  stocks  and  bonds.  Journal  of 
Accountancy,  Nov.,  1905,  vol.  1,  pp.  16-27. 

Duncan,  J.  C.  A  definition  of  accounting.  American  Economic 
Quarterly.     April,  1909,  vol.  10,  No.  1,  pp.  75-84. 

GooDLOE,  J.  S.  M.  Should  the  practice  of  public  accounting  be 
limited  to  certified  public  accountants.  Journal  of  Account- 
ancy, Dec,  1905,  vol.  1,  pp.  106-111. 

Greeley,  Harold  Dudley.  The  new  reciprocity  of  account- 
ancy and  law.  Law  and  Commerce,  December,  1908,  vol.  6, 
pp.  446-453. 

.     Legal  training  for  accountants.    Law  and  Commerce, 

Nov.,  1908,  pp.  394-399. 

• .  Accountancv  training  for  lawvers.  Law  and  Com- 
merce, Oct.,  1908.  vol.  6,  pp.   335-340.  ' 


4  CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACC0UNTA27T8 

HoGEWEG,  G.  P.  J.  Accountancy  in  Holland.  Journal  of  Ac- 
countancy, Feb.,  1908,  vol.  5,"  pp.  308-311. 

KiNLEY,  David.  The  field  of  accountancy.  Journal  of  Ac- 
countancy, July,  1906,  vol.  2,  pp.  187-193. 

Lafkentz,  F.  W.     Economic  a.spects  of  accounting  and  audit- 
ing.    Journal  of  Accountancv,    April,    190(5,   vol.  1,  pp.  479- 
486. 
Discusses  accountancy  as  a  profession. 

MOORHOUSE,  Eli.  Advantages  of  an  independent  continuous 
audit.  Journal  of  accountancv,  June,  1910,  vol.  10,  pp.  95- 
100. 

Points  out  tlie  growing  necessity  of  professional   audits  Ijy  inde- 
pendent experts. 

Nelson,    Godfuky    N.     Accounting    as    a    skilled    profession. 

Journal  of  Accountancy,  July  1906,  vol.  2,  p.  201. 
New  York.     Violations  of  the  C.  P.  A.  Law.     The  Accountant, 

April  25,  1908,  vol.  38,  new  series,  p.  588. 
Contains  a  discussion  ef  violations  of  New  York  law  from  the  Ensr- 

lish  standpoint. 

New  Zealand.  Accountancy  in  New  Zealand.  The  Account- 
ant, Nov.  13,  1909,  vol.  41,  new  series,  p.  585.  

Criticises  the  New  Zealand  law. 
New  Zealand.     The  New  Zealand  Society  of  Accountants.     The 
Accountant,  Sept.    17,  1910,  new  series,  vol.  43,  pp.  365-367. 
Professional  accountancv  and  education.     Journal  of  Account- 
ancy, Dec,  1907,  vol.  5,  pp.  119-133. 
(The)  public  accountant  and  publicitv.     Journal  of  Accountancy, 

Dec,  1905,  vol.  1,  pp.  136-138. 
Rastall,  B.  M.  and  others.     Round  table  on  accounting;  discus- 
sions.    American  Economic  Quarterly,   April,  1909,  vol.  10, 
No.  1,  pp.  97-104. 
Discus.sionof  the  relationship  of  accounting  and  economics. 
Rkid,   J.   L.     A  needed  profession.     North  American    Review, 

Oct.,  1894,  vol.  159,  p.  510. 
Rtan,  Thomas  P.     The  accountant  in  world  affairs.     Jounal  of 

Accountancy,  Nov.,  1907,  vol.  5,  pp.  107-113. 
Roberts,  George  E.     The  public  accountant  and  the  banker. 

Journal  of  Accountancy,  Nov.,  1907,  vol.  5,  pp.  114-118. 
Roberts,  William  H.     The  credit  man  and  the  public  accoun- 
ant.     Journal  of  Accountancy,  April,  1906,  vol.  1,  pp.  465-474. 
Stebbett,  J.   E.     The  present  position  and  probable  develop 
ment  of  accountancy  as  a  profession.     American  Economic 
Quarterly,  April,  1909,  vol.  10,  No.  1,  pp.  85-96. 
Education  and  training  of  a  certified  public  account- 
ant.    Journal  of  Accountancy,  Nov.  1905,  vol.  1.  pp.  1-15. 


CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS  6 

. The  profession  of  accountancy.     The  Annals  of  Amer- 
ican Academy,  July,  190(5,  vol.  28,  No.  1,  pp.  16-27. 

Contains  a  history  of  tlie  importance  and  complexity  of  accounts 
and  the  resultant  necessity  of  professional  accountants. 

Selia  K-  W.  The  accountant  of  1917.  Journal  of  Account- 
ancy, Feb.,  1907,  vol.  3,  pp.  297-299, 

Waltox,  Seymour.  Relation  of  the  commercial  lawyer  to  the 
certified  public  accountant.  Journal  of  Accountancy,  Jan. 
1909,  vol.  7,  p.  205. 

Webster,  Jr.,  Normal  E.  Prerequisites  for  accountancy  prac- 
tice. Journal  of  Accountancy,  Sept.,  1908,  vol.  6,  pp. 
3.38-340. 

Wilkinson,  George.  The  accountancy  profession  in  the  United 
States.     Journal  of  Accountancy,  Sept.,  1910,  vol.  10,  p.  339. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/certifiedpublicaOOscotiala 


HISTORY 


About  sixty  years  ago  Scotland  regulated  the  profession 
of  accountancy;  England  followed  twenty-five  yeats  later; 
but  not  until  1896  was  the  profession  of  accountancy  rec- 
ognized legally  in  the  United  States.  New  York  was  the 
first  state  to  provide  a  law  for  conferring  the  title  of 
"Certified  Public  Accountant".  The  demand  for  such  leg- 
islation has  gradually  spread  and  several  states  at  the 
present  time  have  laws  regulating  the  certification  of  pub- 
lic accountants  and  the  practicing  of  the  profession  of  ac- 
countancy. 


LAWS 


Foreign  countries 

Canada.  Many  of  the  provinces  of  Canada  regulate  ac- 
countants by  chartering  the  societies  and  regulating  the 
admission  thereto. 

See  Ontario,  1905,  No.  16;  Saskatchewan.  1908,  c.  55;  1909, 
c.  15. 

England.^  Accountants  are  regulated  by  chartering 
the  societies.  The  Institute  of  Chartered  Accountants  in 
England  and  Wales  was  incorporated  by  royal  charter  on 
11th  May,  1880.  It  is  in  affect  an  amalgamation  of 
several  older  societies  of  accountants,  and  the  charter  was 
given  in  recognition  of  the  great  and  increasing  import- 
ance of  accountants,  and  in  order  to  secure  for  the  com- 
munity the  existence  of  a  class  of  persons  well  qualified  to 
be  employed  in  the  responsible  and  difficult  duties  often 
devolving  upon  public  accountants.  The  institute  is  a 
body  corporate  with  perpetual  succession,  and  is  governed 
by  a  council  of  not  more  than  forty-five  members.  The 
members  are  Fellows  or  Associates  of  the  Institute,  and 
are  entitled  to  the  use  of  the  initials  F.  C.  A.  or  A.  C.  A. 
They  may   not  follow  any  business  or   occupation  other 


1  A  bill  has  been  introduced  in  England  wliirli  requires  registration  of  all 
persons  practicing'  as  public  accountants,  and  forbids  other  tlian  registered 
persons  to  so  practice. 


CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUXTANTS  9 

than  that  of  a  public  accountant,  or  some  business  which, 
in  the  opinion  of  the  council,  is  incident  thereto  or  con- 
sistent therewith.  As  regards  admission  to  the  Institute, 
persons  who  have  been  for  ten  years  continuously  in  prac- 
tice as  public  accountants  need  not  pass  examinations. 
But,  with  this  exception,  those  who  desire  to  be  members 
of  the  Institute  must  generally'  be  articled  to  a  public  ac- 
countant for  a  period  varying,  with  the  circumstances, 
from  three  to  five  years,  and  must  jmss  certain  examina- 
tions. The  Society  of  Accountants  and  Auditors  is  a  com- 
pany incorporated  in  1885,  under  sec.  23  of  the  Companies 
Act,  1862,  and  is  licensed  by  the  Board  of  Trade  to  omit 
the  word  'limited"  from  its  title.  No  examination  is 
necessary  for  the  original  members,  nor  need  those  who 
w^ere  in  practice  on  the  31st  of  December,  1895,  pass  ex- 
aminations; in  other  cases,  membership  of  the  society  is 
obtained  only  after  examinations  have  been  satisfactorily 
passed.  Public  accountants,  public  accountants'  principal 
clerks,  and  official  accountants  in  the  employ  of  the  gov- 
ernment, or  of  bankers,  corporations,  public  bodies,  or 
limited  companies,  are  eligible  for  membership;  account- 
ants' clerks  may  be  student  members  of  the  society." 

"In  England  anybody  has  the  right  to  become  a  public 
accountant,  and  many  do  so  without  having  passed  any  ex- 
amination or  without  having  become  members  of  any  so- 
ciety of  accountants  which  confers  (lualifications.  In 
addition  to  the  Institute  of  Chartered  Accountants  in 
London  there  exist  four  bodies  of  accountants  in  the 
United  Kingdom  which  have  been  incorporated  under 
charter  from  the  Crown,  and  whose  members  are  conse- 
quently entitled  to  describe  themselves  as  chartered  ac- 
countants"    There  is,  in  addition,   the   Society  of  Incor- 


10  CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS 

porated  Accountants  and  Auditors  .  .  .  who  are 
know  as  "incorporated  accountants."'  And  there  are 
several  minor  societies  which  have  been  recently  consti- 
tuted under  the  limited  liability  companies  acts     . 

The  expression  "certified  public  accountant"  is  not  rec- 
ognized in  England;  but  an  injunction  could  be  obtained 
against  persons  who  attempt  to  describe  themselves  as 
"chartered  accountants"  or  "incorporated  accountants" 
when  they  are  not."" 

lu-ance.  The  accountant  societies  are  chartered  similar 
to  the  English  System.     The  examinations  are  very  strict. 

Germany.  In  Germany  accountants  are  sworn  in  be- 
fore a  court  of  competent  jurisdiction  or  other  proper 
authority.  The  judges  or  officers  determine  whether  or 
not  the  candidate  is  competent.  The  Chamber  of  Commerce 
requires  candidates  to  pass  an  examination. 

yeir  Ju)HmUamf.  The  Institute  of  Accountants  of  New 
Foundland  was  incorporated  by  Act  No.  16,  1905. 

A^(??r  Zealand.  A  statutory  body  to  provide  for  the 
training,  examination  and  certification  of  accountants  is 
established.     Acts   1908,   No.   211.  * 

Scotland.  Chartered  accountant  is  the  professional 
designation  used  by  accountants  wlio  are  members  of 
one  or  other  of  the  three  societies  of  accountants  in  Scot- 
land, Avhich  are  incorporated  by  royal  charter.  These  three 
societies  are  '  the  Society  of  Accountants  in  Edinburgh," 
which  received  its  charter  in  1854;  "The  Institute  of 
Accountants  and  Actuaries  in   Glasgow,"  which  received 


'  Encyclopaedia  of  Laws  of  England,  Vol.  1,  p.  115. 
'  Daily  consular  and  trade  reports.  Sept.  19,  1910,  p. 
'  Verzeichnis  der  Bucherrevisoren. 


CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS  11 

its  chai'ter  in  1855:  and  'The  Society  of  Accountants  in 
Aberdeen"  which  received  its  charter  in  1867.  The 
members  of  these  three  societies  also  use,  for  professional 
purposes,  the  initial  letters  "C.  A."  to  represent  the 
words  "chartered  accountant".  While  in  the  present 
state  of  the  law  it  is  open  to  any  one  who  pleases  to  i)rac- 
tice  in  Scotland  as  an  accountant,  no  one  who  is  not  a 
member  of  a  chartered  society  is  entitled  to  call  himself  a 
chartered  accountant"  or  to  use  the  letters  '*C.  A."  as  a 
pi'ofessional  designation  (See  Society  of  Accountants  in 
Edinburgh,  1893,  20  R.  570). 

The  ordinary  method  of  admission  to  any  one  of  these 
societies  is  by  examination  following  upon  apprenticeship 
to  a  chartered  accountant.  The  three  societies  have  a 
joint  examining  board.  An  apprentice,  who  must  be  at 
least  seventeen  years  of  age  at  the  commencement  of  his 
apprenticeship  is  required  to  pass  a  preliminary  examination 
in  general  knowledge,  prior  to  within  six  months  after  the 
date  of  his  indenture.  A  graduate  of  any  univei'sity  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  however,  or  a  person  who  has  obtained 
the  government  school  leaving-certificate,  or  who  has 
passed  an  examination  which  in  the  opinion  of  the  general 
examining  board,  is  equivalent  to  the  preliminary  exami- 
nation, is  exempt  from  that  examination.  After  one  year 
of  the  apprenticeship  has  been  served,  and  at  least  one 
year  before  he  presents  himself  for  the  final  examination, 
the  apprentice  is  required  to  pass  an  "intermediate  exam- 
ination" in  mathematics  and  professional  knowledge, 
including  bookkeeping.  The  final  examination  takes  place 
after  the  term  of  apprenticeship  has  expired.  Before 
presenting  himself  for  it,  the  candidate  must  have  attended 
a  class  of  Scots  law  at  a    Scottish  I'niversity,    and    such 


12  CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUXTAl^'TS 

Other  classes  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  rules  of  the 
particular  society  which  he  wishes  to  join.  The  subjects 
of  the  final  examination  are  the  law  of  Scotland,  the  ele- 
ments of  actual  science  and  of  political  economy,  and  the 
general  business  of  an  accountant.  The  period  of  appren- 
ticeship which  must  be  served  is,  in  the  cases  of  the  Edin- 
burgh society  and  the  Aberdeen  society,  five  years,  and  in 
the  case  of  the  Glasgow  institute  four  years.  The  Edin- 
burgh society  exacts  an  apprenticeship  fee  of  one  hundred 
guineas,  and  an  admission  fee  of  one  hundred  guineas. 
The  Glasgow  institute  has  no  apprenticeship  fee,  and  the 
admission  fee  is  fifty  guineas.  The  Aberdeen  society  has 
an  apprenticeship  fee  of  twenty-five  guineas,  and  an  ad- 
mission fee  of  forty  guineas.  The  Glasgow  institute  ad- 
mits as  associates,  persons  who  are  training  to  become 
members.  These  associates  must  pass  an  examination  and 
pay  certain  fees,  upon  which  they  are  entitled  to  some  of 
the  privileges  of  the  institute,  but  have  no  voice  in  the 
management  or  interest  in  the  funds  of  the  institute.  The 
council  of  the  Glasgow  institute  has  also  power  to  admit 
as  members  of  tlie  institute,  in  certain  circumstances  and 
upon  certain  conditions,  accountants  of  good  standing  and 
of  at  least  ten  years'  practice,  without  requiring  them  to 
serve  an  apprenticeship." 


7)-a/israaL  The  use  of  the  title  "Public  Accountant" 
is  restricted  to  those  who  are  registered  as  public  account- 
ants under  the  ordinance  and  incorporated  into  the 
Transvaal  societj^  of  accountants.  It  provides  rules 
for  enabling  a  person  entitled  to  be  registered  as  a 
member    of    the    society,     including    among    them     the 


'Green's  Encyclopaedia  of  Scots  Law.  Vol.  2.  p.  407. 


CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS  13 

members  of  any  of  the  societies  of  accountants  of 
England  and  Wales,  Scotland  and  Ireland,  whose  mem- 
bership is  declared  to  be  sufficient  by  the  by-laws  of  the 
societj'  for  the  time  being  in  force  for  admission  into  the 
society. 

See  Ordinances  of  1904,  No.   Ill  (Private) 

UxiTKD  States 
Citation   to   L< Ill's 

California,  Laws  1901,  c.  213 

Colorado,  Laws  1907,  c.  203 

Connecticut,  Laws  1907,  c.  202 

Florida,  Laws  1905,  p.  106 

Georgia,  Laws  1908,  p.  87 

Illinois,  Laws  1903,  p.  281 

Louisiana,  Laws  1908,  c.   125 

Maryland,  Laws  1900,  c.  719 

Massachusetts,  Laws  1909,  c.  399 

Michigan,  Laws  1905,   No.  92 

Minnesota,  Laws  1909,  c.  439. 

Missouri,  Laws  1909,  p.  710 

Montana,  Laws  1909,  c.  39 

Nebraska,  Laws  1909,  e.  95 

New  Jersey,  Laws  1904,  c.  230 

New  York,  Laws  1896,  c.  312;  Laws  1901,  c.  343 

Ohio,  Laws  1908,  p.  332 

Pennsylvania,  Laws  1899,  No.  17;  Laws  1909,  No. 

165 
Rhode  Island,  Laws  1906,  c.  1370 
Utah,  Laws  1907,  c.  86 
Virginia,  Laws  1910,  c.  158 
Washington,  Laws  1903,  c.   72 

*  The  Journal  of  Comparative  Lesrislatiou.    New  Series  No.  XV.  v.  179. 


14  CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS 

Boards  of  Accountancy 


State 

Number  of 

Ijenyth  of 

Aiipobitlve 

Members 

Term 

Poioer 

California 

5 

4  years 

Governor 

Colorado 

3 

3  years 

Governor 

Connecticut 

:5 

3  years 

Governor 

Florida 

3 

3  years 

Governor 

Georgia 

3 

3  years 

Governor 

Illinois 

3 

Not  specified 

Oniversity  of 
Illinois 

Louisiana 

3 

6  years 

Governor 

Maryland 

4 

2  years 

Governor 
(Fi'om  a  list 
of  six  names 
proposed  by 
the     Marj'^- 
land    Asso- 
ciation     of 
public     ac- 
countants) 

Massachusetts 

1 

Michigan 

3 

3  years 

Governor 

Minnesota 

3 

3  years 

Governor 

Missouri 

5 

5  years 

Governor 

Montana 

3 

3  years 

University 

Nebraska 

3 

2  years 

Governor  (one 
member    is 
the  auditor 
of     public 
accounts) 

New  Jersey 

3 

3  years 

Governor 

NeiD  York 

3 

University 

Ohio 

3 

3  years 

Governor 

CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS  15 

Boards  of  Accountancy — Continued. 


State 

yamher  of 

LerKjth  of 

Appointive 

Membera 

Term 

Poirer 

Pennsylvania 

5 

3  years 

Governor 

Rhode  Island 

3 

3  years 

Governor, 
with  advice 
and  consent 
of  senate 

Utah 

3 

4  years 

Governor 

Virginia 

5 

3  years 

Governor 

Wanhinc/ton 

5 

5  years 

Governor 
(From  a  list 
of   15  nom- 
inated    by 
the    Wash- 
ington   As- 
sociation of 
public     ac- 
countants) 

Salary  of  Members 

California.  All  Expenses  and  not  exceeding  five  dollars 
per  day  for  each  member  while  attending  sessions  of  the 
board  or  conducting  examinations. 

Colorado.  Necessary  travelling  expenses  and  not  exceed- 
ing ten  dollars  per  day  for  time  actually  spent  in  pursu- 
ance of  duties. 

Connecticut.  Ten  dollars  per  day  and  necessary  expen- 
ses while  engaged  in  the  discharge  of  duties. 

Florida.  Actual  expenses  and  not  to  exceed  ten  dollars 
per  day  to  each  member  for  the   time  actually  exjiended 


16  CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS 

in  pui'suance  of  his  duties.  Provided  the  charge  of  each 
such  certified  public  accountant  shall  in  no  case  exceed  ten 
dollars  per  day. 

Oeorcjia.     Traveling  expenses,  stationary  and  clerk  hire. 

Illinois.  Necessary  travelling  expenses,  and  not  more 
than  ten  dollars  per  day  for  time  actually  spent. 

Louisiana.  Expenses,  including  mileage,  and  not  ex- 
ceeding fifteen  dollars  per  day  for  the  time  expended  in 
conducting  examinations  and  issuing  certificates. 

Maryland.     No  provisions  for  salary. 

Michigan.  Ten  dollars  per  day  for  the  time  actually 
spent  and  necessary  travelling  expenses  incurred. 

Minnesota.  Necessary  expenses,  including  travelling  in- 
curred in  the  performance  of  their  duties. 

Missouri.  Not  to  exceed  five  dollars  per  day  while  en- 
gaged in  their  duties,  exclusive  of  the  necessary  travelling 
and  other  expenses. 

Montana.  Travelling  and  hotel  expenses  in  the  perfor- 
mance of  their  duties. 

Nebraska.     Actual  expenses. 

Netc  Jersey.  Travelling  and  hotel  expenses,  not  to  ex- 
ceed five  dollars  per  day,  officers  to  receive  such  salary  as 
may  be  fixed  by  the  board. 

Ohio.  Not  to  exceed  five  dollars  per  day  for  the  time 
actually  expended  in  pei'forming  duties,  and  necessary 
travelling  expenses. 

Pennsylvania.  Expenses  in  the  performance  of  duties 
and  ti'avelling  expenses. 

Rhode  Island.  Actual  expenses  incurred  in  the  discharge 
of  duties. 

Utah.     Not  to  exceed  ten  dollars   per  day  while   attend* 


CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS  17 

ing  sessions  of  the  board  or  conducting  examinations,  and 
expenses. 

Virf/inia.  Not  exceeding  ten  dollars  per  day  for  time 
actually  spent,  and  necessary  travelling  expenses  in  the 
performance  of  duties. 

Wanhington.  Not  exceeding  five  dollars  per  day  while 
attending  meetings  and  conducting  examinations,  and 
expenses.  • 

Qualification  of  members 

Californid.  Three  members  of  the  board  must  be  com- 
petent and  skilled  public  accountants  who  have  been  in 
practice  in  California  for  not  less  than  five  consecutive 
years;  after  the  first  appointments  must  be  holders  of  cer- 
tified public  accountant  certificates  in  California. 

Colorado.  Members  of  the  board  must  be  skilled  in  the' 
knowledge  and  practice  of  accounting  and  actively  engaged 
as    professional    accountants    in    Colorado;  after  Dec.  31, 

1907,  must  be  holders  of  certified  jniblic  accountant  cer- 
tificates in  Colorado. 

Connecticut.  Two  members  of  the  board  must  be  skilled' 
in  the  practice  of  accounting  and  after  three  years  must  be 
holders  of  certified  public  accountant  certificates.  The 
other  member  of   the  board  must  be  an  attorney  at  law. 

Florida.  The  membei's  of  the  board  must  be  skilled  in 
practice  of  accounting  and  after  1906  must  be  holders  of 
certified  public  accountant  certificates. 

Georgia.  Two  members  of  the  board  must  be  public  ac- 
countants who  have  practiced  for  at   least  five  years;   after 

1908,  must  be  certified  public  accountants.  The  other 
member  must  be  a  practicing  attorney  in  good  standing 
in  the  courts  of  Georgia. 


18  CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS 

Illinois.  Two  members  of  the  board  must  be  skilled  in  the 
the  practice  of  accounting  and  actually  enj^aged  therein  in 
Illinois.  The  other  member  an  accountant  as  above  de- 
scribed or  an  attorney  skilled  in  commercial  law. 

Louisiana.  Members  of  the  board  must  be  skilled  in  the 
practice  of  accounting  and  actually  engaged  therein  in 
Louisiana;  after  the  first  appointments  must  be  holders  of 
certified  public  accountant  certificates  in  Louisiana. 

Maryland.  Two  members  of  the  board  must  be  public 
accountants  selected  from  a  list  of  six  j)roposed  by  the 
Maryland  association  of  public  accountants;  after  the 
year  1900  must  be  holders  of  certified  public  accountant 
certificates.  The  other  two  members  must  be  i>racticing 
attorneys  in  good  standing  in  any  of  the  courts  of  Mary- 
land. 

Massachunetts.  The  bank  commissioner  constitutes  the 
board  of  accountancy. 

Michigan.  Two  of  the  members  of  the  board  must  be  se- 
lected from  a  list  of  accountants  who  have  been  practicing 
in  Michigan  for  at  least  three  years;  their  successors  must 
be  holders  of  certified  public  accountant  certificates.  The 
other  member  must  be  a  practicing  attorney  in  good  stand- 
ing in  the  courts  of  Michigan. 

Minnesota.  The  first  three  members  appointed  must  be 
skilled  in  the  practice  of  accounting,  must  have  been  for 
a  period  of  three  years  next  preceding  their  appointment 
actively  engaged  therein  in  Minnesota  on  their  own  ac- 
count; after  the  appointment  of  the  first  three  members, 
must  be  holders  of  certified  public  accountant  certificates. 
Missouri.  The  members  of  the  board  must  have  been 
engaged  in  the  reputable  practice  as  public  accountants 
for  a  continuous  pei-iod    of  three  years   immediately  pi'e- 


CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS  19 

ceding  the  passage  of  the  act  (June  10,  1909),  one  j^ear  of 
which  must  have  been  in  Missouri;  after  the  expiration  of 
the  terms  of  the  first  appointees,  must  be  holders  of  cer- 
tified public  accountant  certificates  in  Missouri. 

Montana.  The  members  of  the  board  must  be  holders  of 
certified  public  accountant  certificates  without  examina- 
tion and  skilled  in  the  knowledge,  theory  and  practice  of 
accounting  an<l  in  commercial  law  as  affecting  accounting. 

Nebraska.  One  member  of  the  board  must  be  the  audi- 
tor of  public  accounts  and  the  other  members  must  be 
holders  of  certified  public  accountant  certificates  of  Ne- 
braska. 

Xe/r  Jersey.  The  members  of  the  board  must  be  public 
accountants  residing  in  New  Jersey,  who  have  practiced 
their  profession  at  least  three  years;  their  successors  must 
be  holders  of  certified  public  accountant  certificates. 

New  York.  The  members  of  the  board  must  be  holders 
of  certified  public  accountant  certificates. 

Ohio.  The  members  of  the  board  must  be  skilled  in  the 
knowledge  and  practice  of  public  accounting  and  actively 
engaged  as  professional  accountants  in  Ohio.  Not  more 
that  two  members  of  the  board  shall  be  from  the  same 
political  party. 

Pennsylvania.  Three  of  the  members  of  the  board  must 
be  public  accountants  who  have  been  in  practice  at  least 
five  years;  after  1899  must  be  holders  of  certified  public 
accountant  certificates.  The  other  two  members  of  the 
board  must  be  practicing  attorneys  in  good  standing  in 
any  of  the  courts  of  Pennsylvania. 

Rhode  Island.  The  members  of  the  board  must  be  citi- 
zens of  Rhode  Island  and  skilled  in  the  practice  of  account- 


20  CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS 

ing;  after  1907  must  be  holders  of  certified  public  account- 
ant certificates. 

Utah.  At  least  two  of  the  members  of  the  board  must 
be  competent,  skilled,  public  accountants  who  have  been 
in  practice  as  such  in  Utah  for  not  less  than  three  years; 
after  1910  must  be  holders  of  certified  public  accountant 
certificates. 

Vir(jinia.  Three  members  of  the  board  must  be  practic- 
ing public  accountants  who  have  been  actively  engaged  in 
such  pi'actice  on  their  own  account  for  at  least  three  years 
next  preceding  such  appointment;  after  Jan.  1,  1911,  must 
be  holders  of  certified  public  accountant  certificates.  One 
member  must  be  a  practicing  attorney  in  good  standing  in 
any  of  the  courts  of  Virginia.  One  member  must  be  an 
educator. 

Washington.  The  members  of  the  board  must  be  skilled 
and  reputable  accountants  who  have  been  in  practice  not 
less  than  three  consecutive  years. 

Powers  of  the  Board 

The  general  powers  of  the  boards  are: 

(1)  to  formulate  rules  for  their  own  government  and  the 
conduct  of  examinations: 

Cal.,  Col.,  Conn..  Fla.,  Ga..  La..  Mass.,  Mil.,  Mich..  Minn., 
Mo.,  N.  J.,  0.,  Penn.,  li.  I.,  Utah,  Va.,  Wash. 

(2)  to  waive  examinations  (see     Examinations''); 

Cal.,  Col.,  Conn.,  Fla.,  Ga.,  La.,  Md.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  Mo.,  C, 
Penn.,  R'.  I.,  Utah,  Wash. 

(3)  to  revoke  certificates  after  due  notice  and  hearing 
(see    "certificates"); 

Cal.,  Col.,  Fla.,  La.,  Mass.,  Minn.,  Mo,,  O.,  K.  I.,  Utah,  Va., 
W^ash. 


CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS  21 

(4)  to  issue  certificates; 

Cal.,  Col.,  Fla.,  La.,  Mass.,  Minn..  O.,  R.  I.,  Utah.  Va.,  Wash. 

In  some  of  the  states  the  board  recommends  the  issuance 
of  certificated  to  the  governor  or  secretary  of  state. 

Conn.,  Ga.,  Md.,  Mich.,  Mo.,  Neb.,  N.  J.,  Penn. 

In  other  states  the  board  recommends  to  the  governor  or 
secretary  of  state  the  revocation  of  certificates. 

Ga.,  Md.,  Mich.,  Neb.,  N.  J.,  Penn. 

In  Illinois,  Montana  and  New  York  the  university  has 
supervision  of  the  examining  board;  the  general  powers 
then  rest  with  the  university  and  the  board  act  mei'ely  as 
an  examining  board.  The  universitj'  appoints  the  board, 
adopts  rules  for  its  government,  issues  and  revokes  cer- 
tificates and  waives  examinations. 

Certified  Public  Accountants 

QuaUf cations.  Any  person  in  order  to  assume  the  ti- 
tle of  certified  public  accountant  or  chartered  accountant 
or  the  abbreviations  C.  P.  A.  or  C.  A.  or  anj^  other  words 
or  letters  or  abbreviations  tending  to  indicate  that  the  per- 
son, firm  or  corporation  so  using  the  same  is  a  certified 
public  accountant,  must  receive  a  certificate  as  a  certified 
public  accountant.  Certificates  are  granted  to  persons 
with  the  necessary  general  qualifications,  who  pass  tlie  re- 
quired examination  or  for  whom  the  examination  is 
waived.     The  general  qualifications  are: 

California.  Citizens  of  the  United  States  or  any  person 
having  declared  his  intentions  of  becoming  such,  residing 
and  doing  business  in  California;  over  twenty-one  years  of 
age;   and  of  a  good  moral  character. 

Colorado.  Citizens  of  the  United  States,  or  having  de- 
clared such  intentions;    over  twenty-one  years  of  age;   of 


22  CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS 

good  moral  character;  graduate  of  high  school  or  having 
an  equivalent  education;  and  three  years  expei'ience  in  the 
practice  of  accounting, 

Connecticut.  Citizen  of  United  States  residing  or  having 
a  place  for  the  regular  transaction  of  business  in  Connec- 
ticut; over  twenty-one  years  of  age;  of  good  moral  char- 
acter; a  graduate  of  a  high  school  with  a  four  years* 
course  or  having  an  equivalent  education;  having  been 
regularly  employed  as  bookkeeper  for  not  less  than  two 
years;  and  having  had  such  training  as  a  public  account- 
ant as  the  board  may  prescribe. 

Florida.  Resident  of  the  state;  over  twenty-one  years  of 
age;  of  good  moral  character;  and  a  graduate  of  a  high 
school  with  a  four  years'  course  or  having  an  eciuivalent 
education. 

Georgia.  Citizen  of  the  United  States  or  any  person  re- 
siding or  having  an  office  for  the  regular  transaction  of 
business  in  Georgia;  over  twenty-one  years  of  age;  and 
of  good  moral  character. 

Illinois.  Citizen  of  the  United  States  or  having  declared 
such  intentions,  having  a  place  for  the  regular  transaction 
of  business  as  a  professional  accountant  in  Illinois;  over 
twenty-one  years  of  age;  of  good  moral  character;  and  a 
graduate  of  a  high  school  with  a  four  years'  course  or  an 
equivalent  education. 

Louisiana.  Citizen  of  the  United  States,  residing  or  hav- 
ing a  place  for  the  regular  transaction  of  business  in 
Louisiana;  over  twenty-one  years  of  age;  and  of  good 
moral  character. 

Maryland.  Citizen  of  the  United  States  or  having  de- 
clared intentions  of  becoming  such,   residing  or  having  a 


•  CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS  23 

place  for  the  regular  transaction  of  business  in  Maryland; 
over  twentj-one  years  of  age;  and  of  good  moral  character. 

Maxsachn setts.  Citizen  of  the  United  States  and  a  resi- 
dent of  Massachusetts;  not  less  than  twenty-one  years  of 
age;  of  good  moral  character;  and  having  professional 
ability. 

Michi(/an.  Any  person  residing  or  having  a  place  for 
the  regular  transaction  of  business  in  Michigan;  over 
twenty -one  years  of  age,  and  of  good  moral  character. 

Minnesota.  Citizen  of  the  United  States  or  having  de- 
clared intentions  of  becoming  such;  over  twenty-one  years 
of  age;  of  good  moral  character;  three  years  experience 
as  an  assistant  in  the  office  of  a  public  accountant  or  hav- 
ing practiced  as  a  public  accountant  on  his  own  account; 
and  who  passes  the  preliminary  examination  touching  his 
general  education  unless  waived  by  the  board. 

Missouri.  Citizen  of  the  United  States  or  having  de- 
clared intentions  of  becoming  such;  having  a  place  for  the 
regular  transaction  of  business  as  a  professional  account- 
ant in  Missouri;  over  twenty-five  years  of  age;  of  good 
moral  character;  graduate  of  a  high  school  with  a  four 
years'  course  or  having  an  equivalent  education,  or  who 
passes  an  examination  set  by  the  board;  and  three  years' 
experience  in  practical  accounting. 

Montana.  Citizen  of  the  United  States  or  having  de- 
clared intentions  of  becoming  sucli;  twenty-one  years  of 
age;  graduate  of  an  accredited  high  school  or  having  an 
equivalent  education;  and  three  year.-^  experience  in  ac- 
counting, practicing  on  his  own  account,  in  the  office  of  a 
public  accountant  or  in  a  responsible  accounting  position 
in  the  employ  of  a  business  corporation,  firm  or  individual. 


24  CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS   ■ 

Nebraska.  Citizens  of  tlie  United  States  or  having  de- 
clared intentions  of  becoming  such,  residing  or  having  a 
place  for  the  regular  transaction  of  business  in  the  state 
of  Nebraska;  over  twenty-one  years  of  age;  and  of  good 
moral  character. 

New  Jersey.  Citizens  of  the  United  States,  residing  in 
or  having  a  i)lace  for  the  regular  transaction  of  business 
in  New  Jersey;  over  twenty-one  years  of  age;  and  of  good 
moral  character. 

Neir  York.  Citizens  of  the  United  States  or  having  de- 
clared intentions  of  becoming  such  residing  or  having  a 
place  fof  the  regular  transaction  of  business  in  New  York; 
over  twenty-one  years  of  age,  and  of  good  moral  character. 

Ohio.  Citizens  of  the  Ignited  States  or  having  declared 
intentions  of  becoming  such;  over  twenty-one  years  of  age; 
of  good  moral  character,  graduate  of  a  high  school  or 
having  an  e(iuivalent  education;  and  three  years  experience 
in  the  practice  of  accounting. 

Pcnnsylrania.  Citizens  of  the  United  States,  residing  or 
having  an  office  for  the  regular  transaction  of  business  in 
Pennsylvania;  over  twenty-one  years  of  age;  and  of  good 
moral  character. 

Rhode  Inland.  Citizen  of  the  United  States  or  having 
declared  intentions  of  becoming  such;  having  a  place  for 
the  regular  transaction  of  business  as  a  professional  ac- 
countant in  Rhode  Island;  over  twenty-one  years  of  age; 
and  of  good  moral  character. 

Utah.  Citizens  of  the  United  States  on  having  declared 
intentions  of  becoming  such,  residing  or  doing  business  as 
a  public  accountant  in  Utah;  over  twenty-one  years  of 
age;  and  of  good  moral  character. 


CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS  25 

Virginia.  Citizen  of  the  United  States,  or  liaving  de- 
clared intentions  of  becoming  such,  residing  or  having:  an 
office  in  Virginia;  over  twenty -one  years  of  age;  of  good 
moral  character;  graduate  of  a  liigh  scliool  or  having  an 
equivalent  education;  and  one  year's  experience  practicing 
as  a  public  accountant  on  his  own  account  or  two  year's 
experience  employed  as  an  assistant  in  the  office  of  a  pub- 
lic accountant,  or  three  year's  experience  employed  as  a 
bookkeeper. 

Washinytun.  Citizen  of  the  United  States  or  having  de- 
clared intentions  of  becoming  sucli,  residing  and  doing 
business  in  Washington;  over  nineteen  years  of  age;  and 
of  good  moral  character. 

Examinations 

I'^eqnoict/.     Examinations  are  held: 

Califvrnuf.     At  least  semi-annually. 

Colorado.  As  often  as  may  be  necessary  in  the  opinion 
of  the  board,  but  not  less  frequently  than  once  a  year, 

Connecticut.  At  annual  meetings,  special  meetings  or  as 
often  as  the  board  may  deem  necessary. 

Florida.     At  least  once  a  year. 

Georgia.  Twice  a  year,  during  May  and  November  in 
the  city  of  Atlanta. 

lllindis.  As  often  as  the  university  of  Illinois  may  deem 
necessary,  Vmt  not  less  frecpiently  tlian  once  a  year. 

Louisiana.     At  least  once  a  year, 

Maryland.     At  least  once  a  year. 

Massachuaetts.      Not  specified. 

Michigan.      At  least  twice  a  year. 

Minnesota.  As  often  as  may  be  convenient  in  the  oj^inion 
of  the  board,  but  not  less  than  once  a  year. 


26  CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS 

Missouri.     At  least  once  a  year. 

Montana.  As  often  as  may  be  necessary  in  the  opinion 
of  the  university,  but  not  less  than  one  each  year. 

NebraHlx-a.     At  least  once  a  year. 

New  Jerseji.     At  least  twice  a  year. 

Neic  York.  As  often  as  the  regents  of  the  university  may 
determine. 

Ohio.  Annually.  If  three  or  more  persons  apply  to 
the  board  for  certificates  not  less  than  five  months  after 
the  annual  examination,  the  board  holds  an  examination 
at  the  time  and  place  fixed  by  the  boai'd. 

Penn^yhmnia.  Twice  a  year  in  Philadelphia,  Harrisburg 
and  Pittsburgh. 

Rhode  Mand.  At  least  once  a  year  in  the  city  of  Provi- 
dence, and  elsewhere  in  the  discretion  of  the  board. 

Utah.     At  least  annually. 

Virginia.  At  least  once  a  year  in  Richmond,  or  oftener 
in  the  discretion  of  the  board. 

WasJiington.      At  least  semi-annually. 

Public  notict.  The  time  and  place  of  holding  exami- 
nations must  be  advertised: 

Connecticut.  Public  notice  must  be  given  at  least  fif- 
teen days  before,  the  examination,  in  such  manner  as  the 
board  may  determine. 

Fhrida.  In  three  or  more  papers  where  the  circulation 
is  most  genei'al  in  the  state. 

Illinois.  For  not  less  than  three  consecutive  days  in  one 
daily  newspaper  published  in  each  of  the  i)laces  where  the 
examination's  are  to  be  held,  not  less  than  thirty  days 
prior  to  the  date  of  each  examination. 

Michigan.  At  least  three  consecutive  days  in  a  daily 
newspaper  published  in  Detroit,   (xrand  Rapids,   Saginaw, 


CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS  27 

Marquette  and  Houghton,  at  least  thirty  days  prior  to 
the  date  of  sucli  examination,  notice  of  such  examination 
shall  be  mailed  to  all  holders  of  certificates  and  to  all  ap- 
plicants. 

Minnesota.  For  not  less  than  three  consecutive  days  in 
one  daily  newspaper  published  in  each  county  where  the 
examinations  are  to  be  held,  and  not  less  than  twenty  days 
prior  to  the  holding  of  such  examination. 

Missouri.  For  not  less  than  three  consecutive  days,  not 
less  than  thirty  days  i)rior  to  the  date  of  each  examination 
in  at  least  two  daily  newspapers  printed  and  published  in 
the  state. 

Montuna.  For  not  less  tlianthi'ee  consecutive  days,  not 
less  than  thirty  days  prior  to  the  date  of  each  examination, 
in  three  representative  daily  newspapers. 

Virginia.  For  not  less  than  three  consecutive  daj^s  in 
at  least  one  daily  newspaper  published  in  Richmond,  one 
published  in  Norfolk  and  one  published  in  Lynchburg,  not 
less  than  thirty  days  prior  to  the  date  of  each  examination. 

Scope.  The  scope  of  the  examinations  varies  but 
slightly  in  the  several  states. 

California.  Theory  of  accounts,  practical  accounting, 
auditing  and  commercial  law. 

Colorado.  Theoretical  accounting,  practical  accounting, 
commercial  law  and  other  subjects  that  the  board  may 
deem  advisable. 

Connecticut.  Theorj'  of  accounts,  practical  accounting, 
auditing,  commercial  law  and  such  other  related  subjects 
as  the  board  may  deem  necessary. 

Florida.  Theory  of  accounts,  practical  accounting, 
auditing  and  commercial  law. 


28  CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS 

Geur(jia.     Theory    of    accounts,     practical     accountings 
auditing,   commercial  arithmetic  and  commercial  law. 

Illinois.  Theory  ot"  accounts,  practical  accounting, 
audititing  and  commercial  law. 

Louisiana.  Theory  of  accounts,  practical  accounting, 
auditing,  commercial  law  and  such  other  branches  as  the 
board  may  deem  necessary. 

Maryland.     Not  prescribed   by  the  law. 

Massachusetts.     Not  prescribed  by  the  law. 

Michigan.  Theory  of  accounts,  practical  accounting,  au- 
diting and  commercial  law. 

Minnesota.  Accounting,  auditing,  commercial  law,  and 
and  such  other  subjects  as  the  board  may  deem  advisable. 
A  preliminary  examination  in  general  education  and  qual- 
ifications. 

Missouri.  Theory  of  accounts,  practical  accounting,  au- 
diting and  commercial  law. 

Montana.  Theory  of  accounts,  practical  accounting,  au- 
diting, commercial  law  and  such  other  subjects  as  the  uni- 
versity may  designate.  An  oral  examination  for  genei'al 
fitness  is  re(iuired. 

Nebraska.  Regular  (luestions  furnished  by  the  national 
association  for  public  accountants. 

New  Jersey.     Not  prescribed  by  the  law. 

Nei'c  York.  The  regents  of  the  university  designate  the 
subjects. 

Ohio.  Theoi'y  of  accounts,  practical  accounting,  com- 
mercial law  and  auditing. 

Pennsylvania.     Commercial  law  and  general  accounting. 

Rhode  Island.  Theory  of  accounts,  pi'actical  accounting, 
auditing,  commercial  law  and  such  other  subjects  as  the 
board  may  determine. 


CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS  2» 

Utafi.  Theory  of  accounts,  practical  accounting,  audit- 
ing* and  commercial  law. 

Virginia.  Theory  of  accounts,  practical  accounting,  au- 
diting and  commercial  law. 

Wni<hin(jton.  Theory  of  accounts,  practical  accounting, 
auditing  and  commercial  law. 

Waiver.  The  examination  in  the  following  cases  is 
waived: 

California.  Anj'  person  possessing  the  general  (|ualilica- 
tions  who  shall  have  been  practicing  as  a  public  account- 
ant on  his  own  account  for  more  than  three  years  prior  to 
the  passage  of  the  act,  and  who  shall  apply  in  writing  for 
such  certificate  within  one   year  thereafter. 

Colorado.  Any  person  who  files  application  within  six 
months  after  the  organization  of  the  board,  who  has  prac- 
ticed accounting  for  at  least  three  years  next  preceding 
the  date  of  his  application  the  last  year  of  which  has  been 
in  Colorado,  and  files  satisfactory  proof  of  such  fact.  Any 
citizen  of  the  United  States,  or  who  has  declared  such  in- 
tentions, over  twentj'-one  years  of  age,  of  good  moral 
character,  who  has  complied  with  the  rules  and  regula- 
tions of  the  board  and  who  holds  a  valid  certificate  issued 
by  any  other  state,  the  United  States  or  any  foreign  coun- 
try with  substantially  equivalent  reciuirements,  which  ex- 
tends the  same  privilege. 

Connecticut.  Any  person  holding  a  certificate  granted  by 
another  state,  who  has  had  at  least  five  years  experience 
as  a  public  accountant,  who  has  practiced  in  Connecticut 
for  at  least  one  year  on  his  own  account,  provided  that 
state  grants  a  similar  privilege.  Any  person  twenty-one 
years  of  age,  of  good   moral  character,    applying  for  the 


30  CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS 

certificate  within  ninety  days  after  the  passage  of  the  act 
who  shall  satisfactorily  show  to  the  board  that  he  has  had 
at  least  two  years  instruction  in  the  office  or  by  a  reput- 
able public  accountant  in  active  practice  in  the  state  and 
has  been  eng-aged  in  the  i)ractice  of  public  accountancy  in 
the  state  for  at  least  one  year  or  has  had  such  other  eciuiv- 
alent  experience  as  the  board  may  determine. 

Florida.  A  lawful  holder  of  a  certified  public  account- 
ant certificate  under  the  laws  of  another  state  which  grants 
a  similar  ])rivilege.  A  person  possessing  the  general 
(pialifications,  who  shall  have  been  ])i"acticing-  on  his  own 
account  as  a  public  accountant  for  more  than  three  years 
before  the  passage  of  the  act,  who  shall  apply  for  such 
certificate  within  a  year  thereafter. 

Gevrgia.  Any  i^erson  who  shall  have  been  practicing  as 
a  public  accountant  for  the  three  years  immediately  pre- 
ceding the  passage  of  the  act  who  shall  apply  within  three 
months  thereafter. 

Illinois.  The  university  may  provide  in  their  rules  to 
waive  all  or  any  part  of  the  examination  of  any  applicant 
possessing  the  general  <iualifications,  who  shall  have  had 
five  successive  years  experience  as  a  public  accountant  pre- 
vious to  the  date  of  application;  who  shall  apply  within 
one  year  after  the  passage  of  the  act  and  who  shall  have 
been  practicing  in  Illinois  on  his  own  account  as  a  public 
accountant  for  a  period  of  not  less  than  one  year  next  pre- 
ceding the  passage  of  the  act.  Any  person  who  shall 
have  been  in  the  practice  as  a  public  accountant  for  not 
less  than  five  years  next  prior  to  the  passage  of  the  act 
outside  of  the  state  of  Illinois  who  shall  have  passed  an 
examination  in  the  opinion  of  the  university  of  Illinois, 


CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS  31 

equivalent  to  the  examination  held  in  Illinois.  A  holder 
of  a  Certified  Public  Accountant  certificate  from  some 
other  state. 

Louisiana.  Any  i>:*rson  possessing  the  general  qualifica- 
tions and  who  has  been  actively  employed  as  an  account- 
ant or  bookkeeper  for  not  less  than  five  years,  who  shall 
apply  for  a  certificate  and  furnish  an  affidavit  giving  the 
names  of  his  employers  for  the  past  five  years,  provided 
the  application  be  filed  within  ninety  days  after  the  pas- 
sage of  the  act.  Any  jierson  who  has  been  for  more  than 
three  consecutive  j-ears  practicing  as  a  public  accountant 
in  Louisiana  on  his  own  account,  and  who  shall  apph'  for 
«uch  certificate  within  ninety  days  after  the  passage  of 
the  act. 

Maryland.  Any  person  possessing  the  general  (lualifica- 
tions,  who  was  at  the  time  of  the  passage  of  the  act  prac- 
ticing in  Maryland  as  a  i)ublic  accountant  and  who  shall 
apply  for  a  certificate  within  one  year  after  the  passage  of 
the  act. 

Michigan.  Any  applicant  not  later  than  1906  who  prac- 
ticed as  a  i)ublic  accountant  for  more  than  one  year  prior 
to  the  passage  of  the  act.  Any  certified  public  account- 
ant who  holds  a  certificate  issued  under  tlie  laws  of  an- 
other state  which  exten<l8  a  similar  privilege. 

Minnesota.  Any  person  possessing  the  general  (pialifica- 
tions,  who  is  the  holder  of  a  certified  public  accountant 
certificate  issued  under  the  laws  of  another  state  which  ex- 
tends a  similar  privilege  to  certified  public  accountants  of 
Minnesota,  {)roviding  the  re<iuirements  are  equivalent. 
Any  person  possessing  the  general  (lualifications  who  is 
the  holder  of  a  certified  public  accountant  certificate  issued 


32  CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS 

under  the  laws  of  a  foreif>"n  government,  provided  the  re- 
quirements are  equivalent.  Any  person  possessing  the 
general  (lualitications  who  for  more  than  three  consecutive 
years  next  preceding  the  passage  of  the  act  (April  22, 
1909),  has  practiced  in  Minnesota  as  a  public  accountant 
on  his  own  account  and  who  shall  applj^  in  writing  to  the 
board  for  a  certificate  within  six  months  after  the  passage 
of  the  act. 

Missouri.  Any  person  of  competent  age,  of  good  moral 
character,  who  has  been  engaged  in  reputable  practice  as 
a  public  accountant  for  a  continuous  period  of  three  years^ 
one  of  which  shall  have  been  in  the  state  of  ^Missouri,  im- 
mediately i^receding  the  passage  of  the  act  (June  10,. 
1909),  or  who  has  been  employed  as  an  accountant 
by  a  reputable  firm  of  accountants  for  a  continuous  period 
of  hve  years  immediately  ])receding  the  i)assage  of  the  act 
(June  10,  1909),  one  of  which  shall  have  been  in  tlie  state 
of  Missouri,  and  who  shall  ap])ly  to  the  board  for  a  cer- 
tificate within  six  months  after  the  taking  effect  of  the 
act.  Any  i)erson  ])08sessing  a  certificate  from  another 
state  which  provides  similar  registration  and  establishes 
as  high  a  standard  of  qualifications  as  that  recpiired  under 
the  act. 

Montana.  Upon  recommendation  of  the  board  of  ex- 
aminers, the  university  may  waive  examination  for  any 
person  a  citizen  of  the  Unitsd  States  or  having  declared 
his  intentions  af  becoming  a  resident  of  the  state  of  Mon- 
tana or  maintaining  a  regular  place  of  business  therein,  in 
the  following  cases:  Holders  of  certified  ])ublic  account- 
ant certificates  issued  under  the  laws  of  another  state 
which  extends  a  like  privilege,  provided  the  reciuirements 


CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS  33 

in  the  opinion  of  the  board  are  equivalent.  Holders  of 
certified  public  accountant  certificates  or  the  equivalent 
issued  in  any  foreign  country  i)rovided  the  requirements, 
in  the  opinion  of  the  board,  are  e(iuivalent.  Any  person 
twenty-five  years  of  age,  of  good  moral  character,  gradu- 
ate of  an  acci'edited  high  school  or  an  equivalent  educa- 
tion, who  has  had  three  years'  experience  in  the  practice 
of  public  accounting  in  Montana,  and  whose  qualifications 
are  in  every  respect  eiiual  to  those  assumed  or  implied  by 
the  successful  passing  of  the  examination  and  who  is  per- 
sonally known  to  the  board  to  be  so  ([ualified  as  a  compe- 
tent and  skilled  accountant  in  theory  and  practice  and  who 
shall  ai)ply  to  the  university  for  such  certificate  within 
one  hundred  and  eighty  days  after  the  passage  of  the  act. 

Nebraska.  Members  of  the  state  association  for  public 
accountants  are  granted    certificates  without  examination. 

Neir  Jersey.  The  governor,  upon  written  recommendation 
of  the  board  may  waive  the  examination  of  any  person  pos- 
sessing the  general  (lualifications  who  has  practiced  for 
more  than  three  j'ears- before  the  passage  of  the  act  as 
public  accountant  in  the  state,  and  shall  apply  for 
such  certificate  within  one  j'ear  thereafter.  The 
board  may  waive  the  examination  of  any  person  who 
at  the  time  of  the  application  resides  in  New  Jersey,  and 
has  a  valid  certificate  as  a  certified  public  accountant 
issued  under  another  state  which  grants  a  similar  privi- 
lege. 

New  York.  The  regents  of  the  university  may  waive  the 
examination  of  any  person  possessing  the  general  fiualifi- 
cations,  who  shall  have  practiced  in  Kew  York  for  more 
than  one  year  as  a  public  accountant  on   his  own  account 


^4  CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS 

and  who  shall  apply  for  such  certificate  prior  to  Sept.  1, 
1901. 

Ohio.  Any  person  who  applies  for  a  certificate  within 
six  months  after  the  organization  of  the  board,  is  at  that 
time  a  public  accountant,  has  practiced  the  profession  of 
public  accounting  for  at  least  three  years,  who  files  proof 
of  such  facts  and  proof  of  the  special  education  re(iuired. 
Any  person  who  is  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  or  has 
declared  his  intention  of  becoming  such,  is  over  twenty- 
one  years  of  age,  of  good  moral  character,  who  has  com- 
plied with  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  board  and  who 
holds  a  valid  certificate  as  a  certified  accountant  issued  by 
any  other  state  or  foreign  nation  when  the  board  is  satis- 
fied that  their  requirements  are  substantially  equivalent  to 
those  in  Ohio. 

Pennsylvania.  Any  person  who  has  been  for  three  years 
before  the  passage  of  the  act  practicing  as  a  public  ac- 
countant and  who  shall  apply  for  such  certificate  within 
a  year  thereafter. 

Rhode  Island.  Holder  of  certificate  issued  under  the  laws 
of  other  states  which  extend  the  same  privilege.  Pos- 
Bessor  of  general  ([ualifications,  who  has  practiced  in 
Rhode  Island  on  his  own  account  for  more  than  three 
years  preceding  the  passage  of  the  act,  and  who  applies 
for  such  certificate  within  six  months  thereaftei'. 

Utah.  Any  person  who  practiced  for  more  than  two 
years  prior  to  the  passage  of  the  act  as  a  public  account- 
ant on  his  own  account  and  who  shall  apply  M-ithin  one 
year  thereafter. 

Virginia.  Any  person  possessing  the  general  tj ualifica- 
tions, who  is  the  holder  of  a  certified   public  accountant 


CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS 


35 


certificate,  issued  under  the  laws  of  another  state  which 
extends  similar  privileges  to  certified  public  accountants 
of  Virg-inia,  provided  the  requirements  are,  in  the  opinion 
of  the  board,  equivalent.  Any  person  who  is  the  holder 
of  a  certified  public  accountant  certificate  issued  under  the 
law  of  a  foi-eign  countrj^,  provided  the  requirements  are, 
in  the  opinion  of  the  board,  equivalent.  Any  person  who 
has  for  at  least  one  year  next  preceding  the  date  of  his 
application,  been  practicing  in  Virginia  as  a  public  ac- 
countant on  his  own  account,  who  shall  apply  for  such 
certificate  within  six  months  after  the  act  becomes  oper- 
ative. 

WasJdngton.  Any  person  possessing  the  general  qualifi- 
cations, who  has  been  for  more  than  one  year  prior  to  the 
passage  of  the  act  a  resident  of  the  state  of  Washington, 
who  shall  apply  in  writing  for  such  certificate  within  a 
year  thereafter. 

Certificates 


state 


California 


Cohivado 
Connecticut 

Flori<lo 
Georgia 

Illinoiis 


Issued  hy 


Board 


Duration 


One  year,  may  be 
renewed  from 
year  to  year 

Until  revoked 


Board 

Governor,upon  recom-jUntil  revoked 

mendation  of  board 
Board  Until  revoked 

Governor,uponrecom-  Until  revoked 

mendation  of  board 
University  Until  revoked 


36  CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS 

Certificates — Continued. 


/ 


State 

Jt<sife(t  hi/ 

J)iiratio)i 

Louisiana 

Board 

Until 

revoked 

Mary  hind 

Governor,  upon  recom- 

Until revoked 

mendation  of  board 

MauMtcIiusetts 

Commissioner  of 

One   year,  may  be 

Banking- 

renewed  from 
year  to  year 

Mieiiigaii 

Governor,  upon  recom- 
mendation of  board 

Until 

revoked 

Minnexotd 

Secretary  of  State, 
upon    recommenda- 
tion of  board 

I'ntil 

revoked 

Minnesota 

Board 

Until 

revoked 

Missouri 

Secretary  of  State, 
upon    recommenda- 
tion of  board 

Until 

revoked 

Montana 

University 

Until 

revoked 

Nebraska 

Governor 

Until 

revoked 

New  Jersey 

Governor,  upon  recom- 
mendation of  board 

Ufltil 

revoked 

New  Tork 

University 

Until 

revoked 

Ohio 

Board 

Until 

revoked 

Pennsylvania 

Governor 

Until 

revoked 

Rhode  Island 

Board 

Until 

revoked 

Utah 

Board 

One   year,  may  be 
renewed 

Virginia 

Board 

Until  revoked 

Washington 

Board 

One   3'ear,  may  be 
renewed  from 

yea 

f  to  year 

CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS  37 

Revocation 

California.  The  board  may  revoke  certificates  for  cause, 
after  written  notice  to  holder,  and  a  liearing'  thereon, 
upon  the  affirmative  vote  of  at  least  four  members. 

Colorado.  The  board  may  revoke  a  certificate  for  suf- 
ficient cause  after  written  notice  to  the  holder  at  least  20 
days  before  the  hearing,  stating"  the  cause  for  such  contem- 
plated action  and  appointing-  a  time  for  a  hearing. 

Conncrticut.  No  provision  for  the  revocation  of  certifi- 
cates. 

Florida.  The  board  may  revoke  a  certificate  for  un- 
professional conduct,  or  other  sufficient  cause,  after  written 
notice  to  the  holder,  twenty  days  before  the  hearing,  stat- 
ing the  cause  for  such  contemplated  action  and  appointing 
a  day  for  a  full  hearing. 

Georgia.  The  governor  may  revoke  certificates  for 
sufficient  cause  upon  the  recommendation  of  the  board, 
who  shall  give  written  notice  to  the  holder.  A  hearing 
must  be  had. 

Illinois.  The  University  of  Illinois  may  revoke  certifi- 
cates for  unprofessional  conduct  or  other  sufficient  cause, 
after  written  notice  to  the  holder,  twenty  days  befoi'e  the 
hearing,  stating  the  cause  for  such  contemplated  action 
and  appointing  a  date  for  a  full  hearing  thereon  by  the 
university. 

Louisiana.  The  state  board  of  accountants  may  revoke 
certificates  and  may  cancel  registrations  for  unprofession- 
al conduct  or  for  other  cause  provided  written  notice  is 
sent  to  the  holder  of  the  certificate  twenty  days  before  the 
hearing,  stating  the  cause  for  such  contemplated  action, 
and  appointing  a  date  for  a  full  hearing. 


38  CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS 

Maryland.  The  governor  may  revoke  certificates  for 
sufficient  cause,   after  notice  to  the  holder  and  a  hearing. 

Jfassac/iusetts.  The  commissioner  of  banking  may  revoke 
certificates  after  notice  and  hearing. 

Michigan.  The  governor  may  revoke  certificates  for 
sufficient  cause,  after  written  notice  to  the  holder  and  a 
hearing,  and  shall  issue  such  notice  when  requested  by 
•the  board. 

Minnenota.  The  board  may  revoke  certificates  for  bad 
moral  character,  dishonesty,  conviction  of  crime,  incom- 
petency or  unprofessional  conduct,  after  written  notice  at 
least  twenty  days  before  the  hearing,  stating  the  cause  for 
such  contemplated  action,  and  appointing  a  place  for  a 
hearing. 

Missouri.  The  board  may  revoke  certificates  for  un- 
professional conduct  or  other  sufficient  cause.  Written 
notice  must  be  mailed  to  the  holder  at  least  twenty  days 
before  any  hearing,  stating  the  cause  for  such  contemplated 
action,  and  appointing  a  day  for  such  hearing. 

Montana.  The  university  may,  for  unprofessional  con- 
duct or  other  sufficient  cause,  revoke  or  cancel  the  reg- 
istration of  any  certificate,  provided  written  notice  of  the 
cause  of  such  contemplated  action  and  the  date  of  the 
hearing  is  mailed  to  the  holder  at  least  thirty  days  before 
said  hearing. 

Nebraska.  Certificates  maj'  be  revoked  by  the  governor 
for  a  sufficient  cause,  provided  written  notice  is  given  to 
the  holder  and  after  a  hearing. 

Ne%c  Jersey.  The  governor,  upon  the  recommendation  of 
the  board  may  revoke  any  certificate  issued  by  him,  pro- 
vided the  recommendation  is  made  after  a  hearing  before 


CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS  39 

said  board,  due  notice  of  w-liich  has  been  given  to  the 
holder,  and  for  sufficient  cause  shown  at  said  hearing. 

K&w  York.  The  regents  of  the  university  may  revoke 
certificates  for  sufficient  cause  and  after  written  notice 
and  a  hearing. 

Ohio.  The  board  may  revoke  certificates  after  a  hear- 
ing. Notice  must  be  mailed  to  the  owner  of  the  certificate 
at  least  twenty  days  before  the  hearing.  Such  notice  must 
state  the  cause  of  the  contemplated  action  and  appoint  a 
day  for  a  hearing. 

Pennsylcania.  The  governor  may  revoke  certificates  for 
sufficient  cause  upon  recommendation  of  the  board  after  a 
written  notice  to  the  holder,  and  after  he  has  had  a  hear- 
ing. 

Rhode  Mand.  The  board  may  revoke  the  certificate  for 
gross  incompetency,  unprofessional  conduct  or  other  suf- 
ficient cause,  after  notice  to  the  holder  and  a  hearing. 

Utah.  The  board  of  accountancy  may  revoke  certifi- 
cates for  cause,  after  written  notice  to  the  holder,  and  a 
hearing. 

Virginia.  The  board  may  revoke  any  certificate  on  ac- 
count of  conviction  of  felony,  fraud,  insanity  or  otherwise 
incompetent  as  declared  by  any  court  of  competent  juris- 
diction, or  unprofessional  conduct  in  the  opinion  of  the 
board,  provided  written  notice  of  the  cause  of  such  con- 
templated action  and  the  date  for  a  hearing  is  mailed  to 
the  holder  at  least  twenty  days  prior  to  such  hearing. 

Washington.  Certificates  may  be  revoked  for  cause  by 
the  board  upon  at  least  four  affirmative  votes. 


40  CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS 

Fees 

California.  Not  more  than  twenty-five  dollars;  one 
dollar  for  renewals. 

Colorado.  Twenty-five  dollars.  Re-examination  within 
eighteen  months  without  second  fee. 

Connecticut.  Twenty-five  dollars.  For  issuance  of  cer- 
tificate when  examination  is  waived,  ten  dollars. 

Florida.  Twenty-five  dollars.  The  board  may  charge 
such  fee  as  they  deem  necessary  in  cases  of  registration 
of  other  certificates  or  in  granting  cei'tificates  when  exami- 
nation is  waived. 

Georgia.     Twenty-five  dollars. 

Illinois.     Twenty-five  dollars. 

Louisiana.  Not  to  exceed  ten  dollars  for  application 
filed  during  the  first  ninety  days  after  the  passage  of  the 
act.     Not  to  exceed  twenty-five  dollars  after  ninety  days. 

Maryland.  Such  fee  as  the  board  may  deem  necessary 
to  meet  the  expenses. 

Massachusetts.  The  amount  of  the  fee  is  determined  by 
the  commissioner  of  banking, — a  reasonable,  fixed  fee, 
not  to  exceed  twenty-five  dollars,  which  in  his  opinion  is 
necessary  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  the  act. 

Michigan.      Twenty-five  dollars. 

Minnesota.     Twenty-five  dollars. 

Missouri.  For  examination  or  recommendation  for 
waiver,  or  for  registration  of  certificates  from  other  states, 
twenty -five  dollars;  for  issuance  of  certificate  ten  dollars; 
Re-examination  within  a  year  after  failure  without  second 
fee. 

Montana.  Twenty-five  dollars;  second  examination  with- 
out further  fee. 


CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS  41 

Nebraska.     Enouffli  to  meet  actual  expeuses. 

New  Jersey.     Twenty-five  dollars. 

New  York.     The  regents  of  the  university  tix  the  amount. 

Ohio.  Twenty-tive  dollars.  Re-examination  within 
eighteen  months  without  a  second  fee. 

Pennsylvania.     Twenty-five  dollars. 

Rhode  Island.  Twenty-tive  dollars;  upon  failure  to  ap- 
pear or  to  pass,  may,  in  the  discretion  of  the  board,  take 
the  next  annual  examiilation  upon  the  payment  of  fifteen 
dollars  for  registration — when  examination  is  waived,  fif- 
teen dollars. 

Virginia.  Twenty-five  dollars;  upon  failure  to  appear  or 
to  pass,  may  take  the  next  examination  upon  the  payment 
of  ten  dollars. 

Utah.  Twenty-tive  dollars  for  examination  and  certifi- 
cate.    Not  more  than  five  dollars  for  renewals. 

Washinyton.  Not  more  than  twenty-five  dollars;  one 
dollar  for  renewals. 

Penalties 

Cnlif<yrnia.     Violation  punished  as  a  misdemeanor. 

Colorado.     Fifty  to  two  hundred  dollars  for  each  offense. 

Connecticut.     Not  more  than  five  hundred  dollars. 

Florida.  Not  more  than  two  hundred  dollars  or  not 
more  than  six  months. 

Georgia.     Two  hundred  dollars   to   five  hundred  dollars. 

Illinois.     Not  more  than  two  hundred  dollars. 

Louisiana.  Not  less  than  one  hundred  dollars,  or  three 
months. 

Maryland.  Fifty  dollars  to  two  hundred  dollars,  or  not 
more  than  six  months. 


i2  CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS 

Mastachusetts.  Five  liundred  dollars  or  not  more  than 
six  months. 

Michigan.  One  hundred  dollars  to  five  hmidred  dollars, 
or  not  exceeding  six  months. 

Minnesota.     Violation  punished  as  a  gross  misdemeanor. 

Missouri.  Misrepresentation  as  a  certified  public  ac- 
countant, fifty  dollars  to  five  lumdred  dollars;  falsifying 
a  report,  statements,  investigations  or  audit,  one  hundred 
to  one  thousand  dollars,  or  three  months  to  one  year,  or 
both. 

Montana.  One  hundred  to  five  hundred  dollars,  or  one 
to  six  months,  or  both  for  each  day's  violation. 

Nebraska.  Fifty  dollars  to  two  hundred  dollars,  or  not 
more  than  six  months. 

Netc  Jersey.  Fifty  to  five  hundred  dollars,  or  not  less 
than  one  month. 

Neic  York.     Violation  punished  as  a  misdemeanor. 

Ohio.     Ten  to  one  hundred  dollars. 

Pennsylvania.     Not  more  than  five  hundred  dollars. 

Rhode  Island.  Two  hundred  dollars;  subsequent  convic- 
tion, two  hundred  to  five  hundred  dollars  or  not  more  than 
six  months  or  both. 

Utah.     Not  more  than  two  hundred  dollars. 

'  Virginia.  One  hundred  to  five  hundred  dollars  or  one  to 
six  months  or  both. 

Washington.     Not  more  than  one  hundred  dollars. 


CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS  43 


SALIENT  FEATURES 


Methods  of  Regulation 

In  foreign  countries  regulation  of  certified  public 
accountants  is  accomplished  by  chartering  societies  and 
providing  rules  for  admission  of  members.  In  Germany 
the  accountants  must  be  sworn  in  by  courts  of  competent 
jurisdiction  or  other  proper  officer. 

In  the  United  States  and  New  Zealand  boards  of  ac- 
countancy are  created  to  examine  and  issue  certificates  to 
individual  accountants.  In  some  states  the  university 
appoints  and  supervises  an  examining  board. 

Apprenticeship 

Foreign  countries  provide  an  articled  clerk  system  but 
in  the  United  States  no  apprenticeship  is  provided. 

Examinations 

Examinations,  with  a  waiver  upon  certain  conditions, 
are  re<iuired  in  all  countries  and  states.  The  scope  of  the 
examination  is  practically  the  same  in  the  several  states  of 
the  United  States,  theory  of  accounting,  practical  account- 
ing, auditing  and  commercial  law.  The  examinations  of 
Edinburgh,  typical  of    those    of    England    and  Scotland, 


44  CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS 

'are  three  in  number, — preliminary,  intermediate  and 
final.  The  first, — embraces  the  usual  educational  subjects: 
the  second, —  advanced  mathematics  and  professional 
knowledge,  the  third, — law,  actuarial  science  and  political 
economy,  and  four  papers  on  the  general  business  of  an 
accountant  under  which  are  included  bookkeeping  and  all 
forms  of  accounts,  auditing,  bankruptcy,  trusts,  factorship, 
apportionments,  administration  and  liquidation  of  com- 
panies and  judicial  and  private  refei'ences,  remits  and 
proofs."  ' 

The  Scottish  Board  of  Chartered  Accountants  of  Scot- 
land has  recently  approved  and  adopted  a  new  fprm  of 
syl  labus  for  the  examination  which  will  come  into  opera- 
tion in  June,  1911.  The  preliminary  examination  will 
disappaar  entirely,  its  place  being  taken  by  some  form  of 
school  leaving  certificate  or  by  the  passing  of  some  recog- 
nized examination  of  the  Matriculation  standard.  There 
will  be  very  little  change  in  the  intermediate  and  practi- 
ally   only  a  rearrangement  in  the  final. 

Educational  Qualifications 

In  many  instances  an  education  equivalent  to  that  ac- 
qui  red  in  an  accredited  high  school  with  a  four  years 
cou  rse  is  required.  In  Scotland,  before  presenting  him- 
self for  the  final  examination,  a  candidate  must  have  at- 
tend ed  a  class  of  Scots  law  at  a  Scottish  university  and 
such  other  classes  as  the  board  may  prescribe. 


'  Journal  of  Accountancy,  Jan.  190(3,  p.  2i>3. 
'Journal  of  Accountancy. 


WISCONSIN    LIBRARY    COMMISSION 

COMPARATIVE    LEGISLATION    BULLETINS 

Hallway  Coemployment. 

liObbying. 

Corrupt  Practices  at  Elections:     Contributions  and 
Expenditures.     (Out  of  print) 

Exemption  of  Wages. 

Municipal  Electric  Lighting.     (Out  of  print) 

Trust  Company  Reserves.     (Out  of  print) 

Taxation  of  Trust  Companies.     (Out  of  print) 

Municipal  Gas  Lighting.     (Out  of  print) 

Boycotting.     (Out  of  print) 

Blacklisting.     (Out  of  print) 

The  Initiative  and  Referendum:     State  Legislation. 

The  Recall. 

Primary  Elections.    The  Test  of  Party  Affiliation. 

Proportional  Representation. 

Juvenile  Courts. 

Telephones.     Interchange  of  Service. 

Mortgage  Taxation, 

Municipal  Home  Rule  Charters. 

Tenement  House  Legislation.    State  and  Local. 

Accident  Insurance  for  Workingmen. 
No.  21.  The  Initiative  and  Referendum.     (No.  11  Revised) 
No.  22.    Certified  Public  Accountants. 


No. 

1. 

No. 

2. 

No. 

3. 

No. 

4. 

No. 

5. 

No. 

6. 

No. 

7. 

No. 

8. 

No. 

9. 

No. 

10. 

No. 

11. 

No. 

12. 

No. 

13. 

No. 

14. 

No. 

15. 

No. 

16. 

No. 

17. 

No. 

18. 

No. 

19. 

No. 

20. 

